During the 1960s, very violent riots shake the black ghettos of major American cities. During the summer of 1964, a young Black man in Harlem was shot by a white police officer, and immediately the ghetto ablaze. In 1965, following a police control that goes wrong, the black ghetto of Watts in Los Angeles, has six days of looting. Arson, the use of Molotov cocktails cause considerable damage in the city (30 million) and are accompanied by very violent clashes with police. The calm that comes only through the sending of 14,000 National Guards, but the human toll was heavy: 34 dead 900 injured, 4,000 arrests.
Char in the streets of Newark (New Jersey) in July 1967. The 12, a young black man is arrested for a traffic offense. A rumor spread that he was allegedly beaten to death by police. The city then experienced four days of violence. The mob set fire, looting shops and attacking the police. During the summer of 1966, Chicago, Cleveland, San Francisco experiencing race riots like that cause the death of 7 persons and over 400 are injured. The real guerrillas Urban breed and marred most major U.S. cities during the summer of 1967, by far the most "hot" and the deadliest of the decade. There are 26 dead in Newark, New Jersey, but Detroit knows the most serious incidents. The Motor City suffered six days of rage and regret 43 dead, 467 injured, over 7,200 arrested, 1,700 stores were looted and burned 2,000 buildings.
* a volatile setting.
Nicole Bacharan (cf. sources) is back on the gear, which led to the riots: " Each of these tragic events, as anarchic unpredictable and uncontrollable as they seem, followed a pattern almost identical: a period of extreme heat, which the inhabitants of the ghetto, private swimming pools (...), could find no relief; an incident with white police officers , whose inhabitants felt the forceful presence as a foreign occupation, a crowd quickly gathered, throwing molotov cocktails and other projectiles, and within hours, the ghetto was ablaze. "
The one Life devoted to the riots in Newark," insurgency predictable. After the four days of rioting, we deplore 26 dead, 1,500 injured, thousands of arrests and millions of dollars in damage.
These riots are contemporary two great laws ending racial discrimination in institutional: the Civil Rights Act adopted in 1964 prohibits discrimination in public places, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibits legal stratagems to prevent blacks from voting. These last accessed finally a full citizenship. Why under these conditions these unprecedented explosion of violence, even though significant advances were achieved in terms of civil rights? President Lyndon Johnson, who has done much in this area than all his predecessors, sees the riots as a betrayal. In the aftermath of the Watts riots, the president asked incredulous Martin Luther King: " How is it possible, after all we've accomplished? The world he lost his mind? . In an emergency, it allocates substantial resources to federal agencies on site, which does not prevent the violent summer of that happen again in 1966, 1967 and 1968. This however, is only apparently paradoxical. A 1966 report on the situation in Watts proves that " nothing had changed since the previous year and that the services involved in the war against poverty, caught in the administrative squabbles were unable to set priorities . " [Cf: Doors, p253]
Young rioters in Los Angeles, Newark and Detroit did not feel concerned by the laws of 1964-65, which relate primarily African-American segregationist South. " political and social programs advocated by the 'Great Society' Johnson had strengthened the hopes and expectations Black so that the riots reflected a disappointment and resentment of their low impact, and a white society that was blocking the aspirations higher than the previous generation. The discontent came much of the gap between the 'progress' and the end of segregation trumpeted by the government and the reality of discrimination experienced daily. "[ie: NDiaye p100) Police brutality in this case, the persistent discrimination in housing and employment, social difficulties are factors triggering riots.
The situation has even tended to deteriorate during the decade given the escalation in Vietnam and the rise of Black Power .
A Life magazine 27 August 1965. The Watts riots broke out August 11, 1965, just five days after adoption of the Voting Rights Act . Any part of the arrest of a black motorcyclist in a drunken state. Attacked by a group of onlookers, the white police officers called for reinforcements, to the fury of a crowd of increasingly hostile. The ghetto ablaze for six days. A crowd of 30,000 people in the looting starts white neighborhood stores whose owners are accused of selling their products at inflated prices. During the sack after, shots were fired. Appraisal: 34 dead, over a thousand injured, four thousand arrests and hundreds of buildings destroyed.
Nicole Bacharan (cf. sources) is back on the gear, which led to the riots: " Each of these tragic events, as anarchic unpredictable and uncontrollable as they seem, followed a pattern almost identical: a period of extreme heat, which the inhabitants of the ghetto, private swimming pools (...), could find no relief; an incident with white police officers , whose inhabitants felt the forceful presence as a foreign occupation, a crowd quickly gathered, throwing molotov cocktails and other projectiles, and within hours, the ghetto was ablaze. "
The one Life devoted to the riots in Newark," insurgency predictable. After the four days of rioting, we deplore 26 dead, 1,500 injured, thousands of arrests and millions of dollars in damage. These riots are contemporary two great laws ending racial discrimination in institutional: the Civil Rights Act adopted in 1964 prohibits discrimination in public places, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibits legal stratagems to prevent blacks from voting. These last accessed finally a full citizenship. Why under these conditions these unprecedented explosion of violence, even though significant advances were achieved in terms of civil rights? President Lyndon Johnson, who has done much in this area than all his predecessors, sees the riots as a betrayal. In the aftermath of the Watts riots, the president asked incredulous Martin Luther King: " How is it possible, after all we've accomplished? The world he lost his mind? . In an emergency, it allocates substantial resources to federal agencies on site, which does not prevent the violent summer of that happen again in 1966, 1967 and 1968. This however, is only apparently paradoxical. A 1966 report on the situation in Watts proves that " nothing had changed since the previous year and that the services involved in the war against poverty, caught in the administrative squabbles were unable to set priorities . " [Cf: Doors, p253]
Young rioters in Los Angeles, Newark and Detroit did not feel concerned by the laws of 1964-65, which relate primarily African-American segregationist South. " political and social programs advocated by the 'Great Society' Johnson had strengthened the hopes and expectations Black so that the riots reflected a disappointment and resentment of their low impact, and a white society that was blocking the aspirations higher than the previous generation. The discontent came much of the gap between the 'progress' and the end of segregation trumpeted by the government and the reality of discrimination experienced daily. "[ie: NDiaye p100) Police brutality in this case, the persistent discrimination in housing and employment, social difficulties are factors triggering riots.
The situation has even tended to deteriorate during the decade given the escalation in Vietnam and the rise of Black Power .
A Life magazine 27 August 1965. The Watts riots broke out August 11, 1965, just five days after adoption of the Voting Rights Act . Any part of the arrest of a black motorcyclist in a drunken state. Attacked by a group of onlookers, the white police officers called for reinforcements, to the fury of a crowd of increasingly hostile. The ghetto ablaze for six days. A crowd of 30,000 people in the looting starts white neighborhood stores whose owners are accused of selling their products at inflated prices. During the sack after, shots were fired. Appraisal: 34 dead, over a thousand injured, four thousand arrests and hundreds of buildings destroyed. * Music of the Soul.
The rioters taking on board the slogan "Burn Baby Burn " ("burn, baby, burn") in reference to the bombing with napalm in the Vietnam conflict. It is also the favorite expression of Magnificent Montague, truculent dj a radio in Los Angeles, KJFG which and launches his favorite pieces of soul. This music, too often equated with ballads marshmallows harmless, yet very necessary as the musical idiom of the civil rights movement during the 1960s. Beyond its glamorous image, " soul participates actively in the development of pride, daring, rewarding a definition of blackness that were previously lacking. " [ie: Train] The term soul originally used by jazz musicians, music transcends its meaning and soon enter into the vocabulary of the ghetto to become synonymous with blackness (blackness). The Motown
The plant in Detroit tubes, led by Berry Gordy, is quite representative of this evolution. Some label artists (Marvin Gaye, the Temptations) gradually incorporate a social content to their repertoire, without being confined to romantic ballads of their debut.
Store ransacked, Newark, July 1967. Greil Marcus notes with relevance Mystery Train that until the affirmation of the civil rights movement and riots " black voices channeled the emotions aroused by political exclusion and social despair in songs with the subject of sexual or romantic tragedies. "In fact, the cycle of violence initiated by the riots contributed to subvert the message, hitherto harmless, some soulful songs like the Dancing in the Street Martha and the Vandellas. Thus, unknown its writers and performers, the song itself as a hymn during the riots that inflame the American ghettos from the summer of 1964.
Originally there yet nothing subversive or politically engaged in this piece. The song announced a lifestyle marked by a desire to occupy public space, in the euphoria collective dances. Dancing in the Street inspired by the words of its creators, games for kids and teens snort around the hydrants during the hot days were experienced by the major U.S. cities. The summer riots
give new meaning to this song urging people to "take to the streets . Rioters appropriate these words euphoric. Singer Martha Reeves says however that it was not a call to violence: " is quite the contrary we want to encourage the crowds. Our message is clear: All We Need is music, sweet music ... We want everyone to come down the street to dance and socialize, not to fight. "Despite the caution of radio programmers who are reluctant to pass the song, the title was a huge success and moves to second place in the American charts.
* Martha and the Vandellas.
Born in Alabama Martha Reeves grew up in Detroit in a family of eleven children whose father was a pastor in a Methodist Temple. In 1960 at age 19, she founded The Del-Phis, vocal quartet spotted and signed by the label of Chicago , Chess. Success not to go, but Martha managed to get hired as secretary to the Tamla Motown.
The young woman does not flourished in this task, but gradually comes to his hole. With other Del-Phis, it provides backing vocals on two of the first single from Marvin Gaye. In September 1962, she seized his chance, replacing Mary Wells at short notice, then the label featured singer on the recording of the song I'll Have To Let Him Go . The Del-Phis were renamed Martha & the Vandellas. The group quickly becomes a huge success, thanks to the quality of his interpretations and the quality of the compositions of the trio's magic Motown Holland Dozier Holland. Martha Reeves is also in a relationship with Brian Holland reserving it for tidbits. The tubes are connected: Memories then Heat Wave 1963. Yet the reports of the singer with the label boss, Berry Gordy, proved stormy. Despite the success of the Vandellas, he prefers his new signing, another female vocal trio The Supremes , head which quickly becomes its Diana Ross.
Born in Alabama Martha Reeves grew up in Detroit in a family of eleven children whose father was a pastor in a Methodist Temple. In 1960 at age 19, she founded The Del-Phis, vocal quartet spotted and signed by the label of Chicago , Chess. Success not to go, but Martha managed to get hired as secretary to the Tamla Motown.
The young woman does not flourished in this task, but gradually comes to his hole. With other Del-Phis, it provides backing vocals on two of the first single from Marvin Gaye. In September 1962, she seized his chance, replacing Mary Wells at short notice, then the label featured singer on the recording of the song I'll Have To Let Him Go . The Del-Phis were renamed Martha & the Vandellas. The group quickly becomes a huge success, thanks to the quality of his interpretations and the quality of the compositions of the trio's magic Motown Holland Dozier Holland. Martha Reeves is also in a relationship with Brian Holland reserving it for tidbits. The tubes are connected: Memories then Heat Wave 1963. Yet the reports of the singer with the label boss, Berry Gordy, proved stormy. Despite the success of the Vandellas, he prefers his new signing, another female vocal trio The Supremes , head which quickly becomes its Diana Ross.
Martha and the Vandellas.
Both teams play yet in different stylistic registers. The Supremes favor sophistication, while the Vandellas offer pieces of a remarkable intensity, stripped of any frills. In June 1964, the first won their first major success with Where Did Our Love Go . Between the two teams the competition is launched. In July, Vandellas retaliate and triumph with Dancing In The Street, written by Mickey Stevenson and Marvin Gaye. Concentrated energy, the title is an irresistible incitement to dance whose rhythm is assured by a chain of bicycle struck on the floor of the studio, lined drums that accentuate the time! The choirs meet echoing the lead vocals performed by Martha Reeves. This huge success nevertheless sounded like a swan song for the trio. The reports saw sour between Berry Gordy Martha Reeves and sinking into a deep depression. Nevermore singer will not encounter such a success. It still leaves a few sublime songs including Dancing in the Street tube unstoppable soundtrack surprising ghettos aflame.
Both teams play yet in different stylistic registers. The Supremes favor sophistication, while the Vandellas offer pieces of a remarkable intensity, stripped of any frills. In June 1964, the first won their first major success with Where Did Our Love Go . Between the two teams the competition is launched. In July, Vandellas retaliate and triumph with Dancing In The Street, written by Mickey Stevenson and Marvin Gaye. Concentrated energy, the title is an irresistible incitement to dance whose rhythm is assured by a chain of bicycle struck on the floor of the studio, lined drums that accentuate the time! The choirs meet echoing the lead vocals performed by Martha Reeves. This huge success nevertheless sounded like a swan song for the trio. The reports saw sour between Berry Gordy Martha Reeves and sinking into a deep depression. Nevermore singer will not encounter such a success. It still leaves a few sublime songs including Dancing in the Street tube unstoppable soundtrack surprising ghettos aflame.
Dancing In The Street Calling
out around the world
Are you ready for a brand new beat?
Summer's here and the time is right
For dancing in the street
They're dancing in Chicago (dancing in the street)
Down in New Orleans (dancing in the street)
In New York City (dancing in the street)
All we need is music (sweet music)
Sweet music (sweet music)
There'll be music everywhere (everywhere)
There'll be swinging and swaying
And records playing
Dancing in the street
Oh, it doesn't matter what you wear
Just as long as you are there
So come on, every guy, grab a girl
Everywhere around the world
There'll be dancing
They're dancing in the street
(Dancing in the street)
This is an invitation
Across the nation
A chance for folks to meet
There'll be laughing, singing
And music swinging
Dancing in the street
Philadelphia, PA (dancing in the street)
Baltimore and DC now (dancing in the street)
Can't forget the Motor City (dancing in the street)
All we need is music (sweet music)
Sweet music (sweet music)
There'll be music everywhere (everywhere)
There'll be swinging and swaying
And records playing
Dancing in the street
Oh, it doesn't matter what you wear
Just as long as you are there
So come on, every guy, grab a girl Everywhere Around the World
They're dancing They're Dancing in the
street (Dancing in the street) Way down
in LA, Every Day
They're Dancing in the Street
(Dancing in the street)
Let's start a big time now, get in time
With Dancing in the Street
(Dancing in the street)
Across the ocean blue, me and you
We're Dancing in the Street
(Dancing in the street)
***************
Dancing In The Street
I appeal everywhere
Are you ready for a brand new beat?
Summer is here and it good times
to dance in the street.
They dance in Chicago (dancing in the street)
in New Orleans (dancing in the street)
in New York City (dancing in the street)
Everything we need is music ( good music)
Good music (good music)
There will be music everywhere (everywhere)
There will be swaying, writhing
and discs that will play
"Dancing in the Street"
Oh, it does not matter what you wear
as you are present
So come on, every guy, hook a girl
worldwide
There will be dancing They're dancing in the
street (Dancing in the street)
This is an invitation
In the entire world population
A chance for people to meet
There will be laughter, songs and music
haunting
Dancing in the Street
Philadelphia (dancing in the street)
Baltimore and the District of Columbia (dancing in the street)
not forget Motor City (dancing in the street)
Everything we need is music (good music )
Good music (good music)
There will be music everywhere (everywhere) There will
scales, controsions
and discs that will play
"Dancing in the street
Oh, it does not matter what you wear
as you're here
So come on, every guy, hook a girl
worldwide
There will be dancing
They dance in the street
( dancing in the street)
From the depths of Los Angeles every day
They dance in the street
(Dancing in the street)
start a party now,
dancing in the street
(Dancing in the street)
D one across the ocean blue, me and you
We dance in the street
(Dancing in the street)
Sources:
- Jacques Portes, "Lyndon Johnson . The paradox U.S. "Biography Payot, 2007.
- Pap Ndiaye," American blacks. In march for equality "Discoveries Gallimard, 2009.
- Greil Marcus" Mystery Train "Allia, 2001.
- Christophe Train:" The music angry ", Press of the National Foundation Political Science, 2008.
- Yves Delmas, Charles Gancel " Protest song. Protest songs in America in the Sixties "Textual Editions, 2005.
So come on, every guy, hook a girl
worldwide
There will be dancing
They dance in the street
( dancing in the street)
From the depths of Los Angeles every day
They dance in the street
(Dancing in the street)
start a party now,
dancing in the street
(Dancing in the street)
D one across the ocean blue, me and you
We dance in the street
(Dancing in the street)
Sources:
- Jacques Portes, "Lyndon Johnson . The paradox U.S. "Biography Payot, 2007.
- Pap Ndiaye," American blacks. In march for equality "Discoveries Gallimard, 2009.
- Greil Marcus" Mystery Train "Allia, 2001.
- Christophe Train:" The music angry ", Press of the National Foundation Political Science, 2008.
- Yves Delmas, Charles Gancel " Protest song. Protest songs in America in the Sixties "Textual Editions, 2005.
Links:
- The Soul Shack " Platters That Matter: Dancing in the Streets .
- New York Times: " With 40-Year Prism, Newark Surveys Deadly Riot .
- New York Times: " With 40-Year Prism, Newark Surveys Deadly Riot .
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